... which requires high costs. Features of natural monopolies: Economies of scale: Such industries are characterized by high economies of scale. This means that as production... ... volume of services increases, the costs per unit become lower. High barriers to entry: Natural monopolies often require huge investments in infrastructure and long payback... ... periods, which creates obstacles for the emergence of new players. For example, building gas pipelines or railway lines requires huge investments that only large companies or...

... position in the Chinese market, while TurkStream and other infrastructure projects continue to serve European consumers. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) production expands Gazprom’s presence in global markets, including Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Job creation ... ... processing and maintenance of facilities. Indirect impact includes job creation in construction, logistics and other related industries. Gazprom also actively supports the training and professional development of its employees, cooperates with educational ...

... in energy. Investments are increasingly shifting towards RES, while carbon-intensive industries are forced to adapt to new realities. For energy sector investors, the green... ... structure has increased, while the contribution of hydropower stations has decreased due to natural factors. Another significant event for the sector was the change in electricity... ... significantly affect global energy resource trade, initiating a redistribution of oil, gas, and coal flows between regions. A notable event is the sharp decline in energy...

... total generation is gradually decreasing. In Western countries, renewable energy has nearly displaced coal: the intermittent nature of solar and wind generation is compensated by gas power plants and energy storage systems. All of this signals a global turning point in energy. Investments are increasingly shifting towards RES, and carbon-intensive industries are forced to adapt to new realities. For energy sector investors, the "green" trend opens opportunities—from ...

... generation is gradually decreasing there. In Western countries, renewable energy is now almost replacing coal: the variable nature of solar and wind generation is compensated by gas power plants and energy storage systems. All of this signals the arrival of a global turning point in energy. Investments are increasingly shifting towards RES, while carbon-intensive industries must adapt to new realities. For energy sector investors, the green trend opens opportunities — from developing solar ...