Defender of the Fatherland Day: History, Traditions, and Celebrations in Different Countries

February 23 is a significant date in the Russian calendar, symbolizing history, patriotism, and recognition of those who stand guard over the country. On this day, military personnel, veterans, and all those connected to the defense of the state are honored. However, this holiday has long transcended its purely military theme and has in Russia, as well as in several other countries, acquired the status of a "Men's Day," where all men receive congratulations as potential defenders of family and homeland.

But how did this holiday come into being? Why is it still celebrated? In which countries does it still exist? Let's delve into the details.

History of the Holiday: From the Red Army to "Men's Day"

Defender of the Fatherland Day has its origins in 1922 when the USSR officially established the Day of the Red Army and Navy. The choice of date is linked to events from 1918, when, in the midst of the Civil War, the Bolsheviks announced mobilization and the formation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. According to Soviet historiography, on February 23, 1918, the first successful military clash occurred between the Red Army and German troops near Pskov and Narva. However, modern historians question this fact, noting that the Red Army was not yet fully formed as a military unit at that time.

Nevertheless, by the 1920s, the holiday had already taken root in public life, and following the Great Patriotic War (World War II), it gained even greater significance as a day honoring all defenders of the country. In 1949, it was renamed the Day of the Soviet Army and Navy, and after the collapse of the USSR in 1993, it became known as Defender of the Fatherland Day.

Today, this holiday has lost its strictly military character and is perceived as a "day for all men," similarly to how International Women's Day is celebrated on March 8. However, the military aspect remains important, and solemn events honoring the army and veterans are held on this day.

Which Countries Celebrate on February 23?

Following the dissolution of the USSR, many countries within the post-Soviet space retained the holiday but with various names and degrees of significance.

Where is February 23 an Official Holiday?

Russia – a state holiday, a non-working day. Official events take place across the country, recognizing both military and civilian men.
Belarus – the holiday is known as "Defenders of the Fatherland and Armed Forces Day of the Republic of Belarus" and is celebrated at the state level.
Kazakhstan – despite celebrating its own Defender of the Fatherland Day on May 7, February 23 remains a popular unofficial date.
Kyrgyzstan – officially recognized as a state holiday.
Tajikistan – celebrated at the state level, but without a public holiday status.
Transnistria, South Ossetia, Abkhazia – in these unrecognized republics, the date retains its significance.

Where Has the Holiday Been Cancelled or Renamed?

Some countries abandoned the celebration of February 23 after gaining independence:

Ukraine – instead of February 23, since 2014, the Day of Defenders of Ukraine (October 14) has been celebrated, coinciding with the Orthodox holiday of the Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia – they rejected the holiday after leaving the USSR.
Georgia – replaced the holiday with Defender of the Fatherland Day (May 26), which coincides with the country’s Independence Day.

Thus, February 23 retains its significance in those countries where the Soviet Army played an important role in history.

Celebration Traditions in Russia

Official Events

Military ceremonies – in major cities, wreath-laying ceremonies at monuments to military personnel and heroes are conducted. In Moscow and other cities, solemn events occur at memorials, including the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
Congratulations to active military personnel and veterans – on this day, officers, soldiers, and all who served in the army are honored.
Thematic concerts and parades – although the main military parade in Russia takes place on May 9, parade events are held in some cities on February 23.

Celebration at Home and Work

Congratulating men – the holiday has unofficially become a "Men's Day," when women congratulate colleagues, relatives, and friends.
Gifts and symbolic souvenirs – thematic gifts are presented, such as shaving sets, perfumes, and accessories.
Corporate celebrations – many companies host festive buffets and entertainment activities.

How Similar Holidays Are Celebrated in Other Countries?

Many countries have holidays analogous to Defender of the Fatherland Day, though based on different historical foundations:

USA – Veterans Day (November 11) – this day honors all who served in the armed forces.
France – Bastille Day (July 14) – the main national holiday, featuring a military parade.
Germany – Day of Mourning for War Victims (Volkstrauertag) – held in November, dedicated to the memory of fallen soldiers.
United Kingdom – Remembrance Day (November 11) – a day of remembrance for those who fell in wars.

Unlike February 23, such holidays in Western countries have a more memorial character and are dedicated to the memory of the fallen rather than honoring all men.

Why Does Defender of the Fatherland Day Remain Important?

Despite the changes in perception, February 23 remains a day of recognition for military contributions and a symbol of respect for defenders of the homeland. This holiday:

Supports traditions and respect for military service.
Contributes to the preservation of historical memory.
Unites people, reminding them of the values of patriotism.

Even though it has transformed into a "Men's Day," its meaning is deeper than mere congratulations to colleagues and relatives.

Defender of the Fatherland Day is a celebration that embodies historical heritage and popular traditions. It serves as a reminder of the army’s role in the country's history, the defense of loved ones, courage, and patriotism. Regardless of whether one has military ties, this day is an occasion to express gratitude to those who stand guard over peace and security.

Let February 23 be not just a date on the calendar, but a day of respect, gratitude, and a reminder that the defense of the homeland is the responsibility of every citizen.