... calculation rules for the damping mechanism. The impact of this measure depends on the timeline for passing the Ministry of Finance's draft legislation. Overall, the current year remains favorable for oil and gas budget revenues. The transition to a fixed discount, increased gas exports to Europe, and the growing share of AIT in taxable production have all contributed to revenue growth. By December, budget revenues are likely to return to 2022 levels (11.59 trillion rubles compared to 8.82 trillion rubles in 2023). Sergey Tereshkin, OPEN OIL MARKET ...

... trading of private stakes (share transfer) on specialized over-the-counter platforms before the IPO, providing additional liquidity ahead of the listing. Advantages and Risks of Pre-IPO Investments Advantages: Favorable pricing and growth potential. Shares at the pre-IPO stage are typically sold at a significant discount to the anticipated public offering price. This means that upon a successful market debut, an investor can realize substantial profits due to the difference between private and public valuations of the company. Lower risk than at earlier stages....

... semi-annually, or quarterly. However, most often, investors receive income based on the company's annual performance. The profit is distributed for as long as the shareholder holds the securities, which could be for 1, 3, 5, or more years. In contrast, selling shares yields a one-time income. Bonds In the case of bonds, the investor's profit comes in the form of a coupon. If it is a zero-coupon bond, the income is realized as a discount. Payments for bonds are made upon their maturity, which is predetermined. Payment for zero-coupon bonds is made at their nominal value. In the coupon variant, a specific percentage is added to the initial amount. Promissory Notes When investing ...

..., Russia has consistently remained a leader in the Indian market, with Saudi Arabia and Iraq in second and third places. The share of American oil has always remained small and continues to do so, despite the reported twofold growth in Western media. ... ... oil. And of course, the main advantage of Russian oil, which has allowed it to become the number one supplier in India, is its discounted price. The volume of Russian oil supplies to India is unlikely to significantly decrease, given that Urals is trading ...

... generated profit. The investor also evaluates the company's value using the discounted cash flow model: he forecasts cash flows for several years ahead (taking into account revenue growth of 10-15% per year) and brings them to the current value using a discount rate that takes into account the risk. Calculations show that the fair price of a share should be, say, about 120-130 USD (that is, 20-30% higher than the current one). Having weighed everything, the investor concludes that the shares are undervalued by the market. Perhaps the market has not yet responded to the improved performance ...