... with competitors' indicators or industry averages. The qualitative part focuses on intangible aspects: the quality of management, the company's competitive advantages, its business model, brand and reputation in the market. There are several classic approaches that investors use, combining both types of analysis: Comparative analysis. This method involves comparing key indicators and prices of different companies. For example, an investor compares the coefficients (multipliers) of one company with similar indicators of other companies in the same sector. The scale ...

... primary methods of business valuation, the factors that can influence it, and a specific example of valuing the company Open Oil Market . 1. Business Valuation Methods There are three primary approaches to valuing a company: the income approach, the comparative approach, and the cost approach. Each of these has its advantages and is applied based on the specifics of the business. Income Approach: This method is based on forecasting the future income of the company and discounting it to the present value. The ...

... exchange rate fluctuations and debt burden; however, during the reporting period, it successfully kept these factors under control compared to the previous year. For investors from the CIS countries, it is important that Gazprom shows signs of financial stabilization.... ... trends—gradual reorientation to the East, state support, adaptation to new market prices—suggest that the company is likely to approach breakeven or even profitability for the second consecutive quarter. Nevertheless, numerous risks lie ahead: from fluctuations ...

... Inflation (15:30 MSK): The key US inflation indicator—the Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Price Index for June—will be in focus. Further slowing of inflation is anticipated: the core PCE index is likely to have grown by ~3.5-3.7% year-on-year (compared to 4% previously), indicating a gradual approach to the Fed's 2% target. Low inflation figures could confirm the Fed's pause in interest rate hikes, but investors will analyze the index's structure—particularly the dynamics of prices for services and core goods. Any surprise, such as a higher-than-expected ...

... reserve asset. Nonetheless, Bitcoin is also used for transactions – for instance, for international transfers with minimal fees compared to banks. Additionally, the Lightning Network technology is being developed atop the Bitcoin network, allowing for instantaneous ... ... it as legal tender. In 2025, Bitcoin demonstrates resilience and growth – following another cyclical uptrend, its price has approached the psychological mark of $100,000. Experts note that the return of institutional demand and the growing trust in Bitcoin ...