... will always spend on essentials like food, hygiene products, and medicine. These are typically their first expenditures. Also, this category sometimes includes shares in companies that mine precious metals, as the demand for gold tends to rise during crises, thereby increasing the share prices of these businesses. Securities in this category lose value very slowly, and the same can be said for their price appreciation. Sudden fluctuations are rare. The volatility of these stocks is minimal compared ...

... sector (though not directly accessible to Russians) can be substituted with foreign tech platforms via ETFs. Precious Metals and Currency Assets Gold. Gold is viewed as a "safe haven" against inflation and strengthens the portfolio during crises. In 2024, the price of gold in rubles rose approximately 30% (due both to global price increases and ruble depreciation). Gold does not generate coupons, but can serve as insurance: if the ruble falls, gold and dollars will increase in ruble terms....

... industry trends. Examine the general state of the economy and the development of the sector in which the company operates. Market conditions can impact the success of an offering: during periods of growth, demand for IPOs is typically higher, while during crises, it is lower. Business model and financial performance. Carefully read the prospectus: what products or services does the company offer, how does it generate revenue, and how steadily does its revenue and profit grow? Evaluate the dynamics of key ...

... hinder industry development. Furthermore, instances of cybercrime have increased: several major hacking attacks and fraudulent schemes occurred in 2025, underscoring the need for increased attention to security and investment protection. Echoes of past crises are also evident: the bankrupt FTX exchange in 2025 began another stage of payouts to creditors (approximately $1.9 billion released for new payment tranches), which partially restores trust following its collapse, yet the situation surrounding ...

... instances of cybercrime have increased: in 2025, several major hacking attacks and fraudulent schemes occurred, underscoring the need for heightened attention to security and investment protection. Reminders of potential losses also echo from previous crises: the bankrupt exchange FTX, which collapsed in 2022, has begun another phase of repayment to creditors in 2025 (releasing about $1.9 billion for new payment tranches). The partial return of funds after the FTX collapse somewhat restores trust in ...