... on petroleum products: for example, duties on automotive gasoline and diesel fuel were 30% of the duty on oil. The difference in duty levels stimulated the export of oil products (mazut, gasoline, diesel fuel) instead of the export of crude oil. Oil companies refined more expensive oil into cheaper mazut and then exported it, leading to losses in budget revenue from export duties. Since 2017, duties on mazut have been aligned with those on oil. This was intended to stimulate the modernization of oil refineries (refining plants), which would allow for a higher output ...

... first half of 2024, the equivalent figure fell to RUB 544.7 billion in 2025, marking a 45% reduction. Under these circumstances, companies are likely to maintain high prices in the wholesale and small wholesale segments, Tereshkin explains. Dmitry Gusev, ... ... Partner" association and a member of the expert council for the "Gas Stations of Russia" competition, believes that it's not particularly meaningful to worry about weekly price growth figures. The goal is to keep the overall annual increase within ...

... banks included in the list of systemically important credit institutions. The presence of such "pillars" in the financial system creates favorable conditions for business, especially in times of economic uncertainty. For entrepreneurs and companies, it serves as a guarantee that even in challenging times, crucial financial partners will remain stable and ensure the uninterrupted conduct of operations and support for long-term projects. Systemically important banks serve as a foundation for the entire ...

... indexing. The concept of direct indexing is not new; however, advancements in technology are simplifying the process and making it accessible to everyone. The distinction between direct indexing and traditional ownership of shares in mutual funds or exchange-traded ... ... in the ability to customize your index based on personal rules and preferences. This allows investors to exclude assets from companies whose philosophies and values contradict their own. ESG investing is set to gain momentum as younger investors enter ...

... Traders use American options to play on short-term price changes, since they can be exercised at any convenient time. When is it profitable to use American options? In highly volatile markets: If the price of the underlying asset changes unpredictably,... ... American options are suitable for traders who are looking for flexibility in implementing their strategies. For long-term hedging: Companies and investors use American options to protect themselves from risks throughout the life of the contract. American options ...