... issued by local authorities in the Russian Federation. Corporate bonds. Issued by private companies and banks. The risk of these bonds is higher than that of government bonds, but they typically offer greater yields. Some companies issue bonds in foreign markets (currency bonds). Mortgage bonds. Secured by mortgage loans and issued by specialized mortgage agents. Such bonds are considered reliable (the collateral is real estate) and often have yields higher than OFZ. Subordinated bonds. Mainly issued by banks. In the event of non-payment, senior debts are serviced first, so they carry higher risks. In exchange, investors receive a higher coupon (usually 1–3% more). ...

... those who do not plan to recover their funds in the next 5 to 10 years. Moreover, one should avoid purchasing low-liquidity real estate—such as three- or four-room apartments—unless the property is intended for personal use. To seize the right moment, it is essential to be aware of economic cycles. Keeping a close watch on any market changes is vital, as is setting financial goals. Without established targets, achieving financial success is unlikely. ...

... during the crisis of 2020, investments in the technology sector compensated for the losses incurred from the decline in the stock prices of tourism companies and airlines. Key Principles of Portfolio Diversification Asset class allocation: stocks, bonds, real estate, commodities, and cash. Geographic diversification: investments in companies and markets from different countries and regions. Sector diversification: selecting companies from various sectors of the economy. Defensive Assets in the Portfolio During periods of instability, defensive assets help preserve capital: Gold and precious metals: ...

... quarterly. The ratio of fund shares to debt instruments is adjusted monthly. The value increase happens through dividends paid by real estate funds, averaging up to 7% per annum. The calculation is made in euros, an encouraging figure that can compete with foreign ... ... minimal initial capital growth, a prime example is the telecommunications companies index from Europe, which has offered the market specific products based on this indicator and is sure to attract potential investors. Telecommunications enterprises serve ...

... What to Expect in 2025? 1. Equities Growth is anticipated in the technology, healthcare, and consumer goods sectors. Emerging markets such as India are expected to yield better returns due to accelerated economic growth. 2. Bonds A steady demand for high-quality ... ... rise due to supply constraints. Interest in metals crucial for battery production, such as lithium and nickel, remains high. 4. Real Estate Investors are actively investing in commercial real estate in developing countries. Price increases are anticipated due ...