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What are natural monopolies?
... periods, which creates obstacles for the emergence of new players. For example, building gas pipelines or railway lines requires huge investments that only large companies or the state can afford.
Social importance: Natural monopolies often provide important services for society, such as electricity, water, gas or transport. Therefore, the state pays special attention to regulating their activities.
Examples of natural monopolies in Russia:
In Russia, natural monopolies exist in a number of strategically important industries, such as energy, transport, communications ...
Can the EU Replace Russian LNG with American? Realities, Benefits, and Risks for the European Market
... production capacity, and despite restrictions, exports persist.
Technical and Economic Challenges of Replacing Russian LNG with American LNG
Infrastructure Limitations:
While Europe has expanded its LNG capacity, it is still heavily reliant on pipeline gas and has limitations in its processing and reception facilities. To significantly increase U.S. imports, Europe would require major upgrades and new terminal constructions.
Cost Considerations:
U.S. LNG tends to be more expensive due to higher liquefaction and transatlantic transportation costs. For European consumers, this means increased gas prices....
An expert explained the increase in gas production in Russia by the rise in supplies to the EU.
... said the CEO of OPEN OIL MARKET.
He added that in the housing sector, gasification and degasification programs would play an important role, with visible effects already observed this year.
"For example, in the first three months of 2024, Gazprom ... ... supplies to the domestic market increased by more than 150 million cubic meters per day, which exceeds the current volume of gas supplies to the EU," Tereshkin concluded.
Translated using ChatGPT
Sourse: https://iz.ru/1752573/sofia-smirnova/topit-svoe-es-narastil-import-rossiiskogo-gaza
The budget is in the black. What ensured the increase in oil and gas revenues?
... Growth in Oil and Gas Revenues," Sergey Tereshkin analyzes the factors that contributed to the increase in Russia's oil and gas revenues. He highlights that rising oil prices and the weakening of the ruble have led to a significant boost in federal budget ... ... examines the impact of international sanctions and the adaptation of the Russian economy to new conditions, emphasizing the importance of diversification and the development of domestic resources to ensure sustainable economic growth.
"Subsidies" ...
Strong energy bonds
... Siberia 2 project as an example, with Chinese partners aiming to secure maximum reliable resources at minimal risk and cost.
Russia's key advantage for China lies in reliable and secure supplies, Malkov adds. China is likely to balance its energy imports, seeking maximum benefits. Nevertheless, oil, gas, and coal supplies from Russia to China are expected to grow due to strong mutual interest.
In nuclear energy, Russia and China are competitors, Malkov notes. However, Russian technology is "more than a generation ahead" of Chinese technology,...