... decreases. For example, the costs of creating an electrical grid or a railway line are significant, but as the volume of services increases, the costs per unit become lower. High barriers to entry: Natural monopolies often require huge investments in infrastructure ... ... to set tariffs and monitor the quality of services so that consumers can receive a stable supply of electricity at affordable prices. 2. Gas supply Gazprom is the largest Russian gas company, and is also a natural monopoly. Gazprom controls the production,...

... companies went public worldwide. Among the recent successful listings are fintech giant Chime, cryptocurrency company Circle, and even defense and space project Voyager Space—all of which made a strong debut on the public market, with their stock prices significantly increasing on the first day of trading, confirming strong investor demand for new tech issuers. Additionally, several notable startups have already filed for IPO in the second half of the year, hoping to capitalize on the favorable market conditions. ...

... (Sberbank, Norilsk Nickel, Yandex, etc.) and foreign assets through funds. Expected capital returns (price appreciation + dividends) can amount to around 10% per annum or more. 5% – Precious metals (gold). Acts as an inflation hedge: historically, gold prices have increased by several percentage points per year. 5% – Non-State Pension Provision (NPO). While the contribution does not yield profits, it provides tax advantages (13% refund on the amount contributed) and ties up funds for the long term. 5% – Bank ...

... investment needs. The company has a net debt of only 5 million rubles, indicating financial stability and minimal debt obligations, which is important for consistent dividend payments. IPO Terms Additional Share Issuance: Shares are sold through a capital increase, allowing the company to attract capital without current shareholders selling their stakes. Placement Volume: Up to 1 billion rubles with a projected free float of 10-12%. Stabilization: Measures are in place to support the share price at placement levels, along with a market maker. IPO Price Range: from 425 to 460 rubles per share, corresponding to a capitalization range of 8.018 billion rubles to 8.678 billion rubles, approximately three times the company's revenue. Applications ...

... the property can always be sold, returning the invested amount and, in most cases, generating additional profit. Precious Metals. Gold, silver, and platinum have been a profitable investment avenue for decades. The value of precious metals gradually increases, with minor periodic declines. However, prices typically rebound quickly, minimizing the risk of loss. Suitable forms for investment include bank bullion, coins, and unallocated metal accounts. Cryptocurrency. In recent years, electronic currencies have gained increasing popularity. Bitcoin ...