... For companies: It helps protect the share price and build investor confidence. For small investors: A lock-up protects small shareholders from a sharp drop in share price associated with mass selling. Supports the company's image: When founders and management hold on to their shares, it strengthens the company's image as a reliable issuer. Risks and possible consequences After the end of the lock-up period, shares may become cheaper, as large shareholders get the opportunity to sell their stakes. This can create pressure on the market, and the share price may fall. Risks for investors: ...

... risks for inexperienced investors. Direct Investing in Stocks: Investors can independently form a portfolio of IMOEX stocks. This approach requires a deeper understanding of the stock market and can provide higher returns with the right approach to risk management. However, it is more complex and time-consuming. The choice of investment strategy depends on the individual goals and risk tolerance of the investor. It is important to carefully study the documentation and consult with specialists before ...

... securities can yield significant profit. Additionally, shares are challenging to steal, as the securities are stored electronically with a registrar. The only downside of this investment method is the lack of guarantees for income. There is always the risk of company bankruptcy or management concealing the actual profits. Bonds represent a less attractive option. They cannot provide high returns but are stable securities with low risk of money loss. Private Lending Currently, the most prevalent instrument of investment is private ...

... beginner investors in Russia Invest only available funds Never invest your last money or funds that you may need in the near future. Use only the money you can afford to lose. Maintain diversification Diversification is one of the key principles of risk management. Include several different types of assets in your portfolio. Monitor taxes In Russia, there is a tax on investment income, so it is important to take into account tax liabilities. You can also take advantage of a tax deduction through an IIS ...

... company performance, meaning the firm's actions result in asset returns exceeding the average market return. However, if alpha has a significantly high value, risks automatically increase. Nevertheless, it is possible to achieve an optimal balance between risk and return, where alpha should be high, and beta low, yet still positive. Today, the alpha coefficient is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of actions taken by companies managing investment funds. The alpha coefficient enables the assessment of the average return of a portfolio. Of course, there are numerous other methods, but calculating the alpha coefficient provides the most accurate answer. From a mathematical perspective,...