... the key European hub TTF are holding in the range of $330–360 per thousand cubic meters, which is several times lower than the peaks of the 2022 crisis. Following the adjustments in import routes, Europe has significantly reduced its dependence on pipeline gas from the Russian Federation: since January 2025, transit through Ukraine has been completely halted (after the contract with Gazprom ended), and northern supply channels are also non-operational (the Nord Stream pipeline is out of service,...

... risks of fuel shortages. Market prices for gas remain relatively low: quotations at the TTF hub are around €30 per MWh (approximately $370–380 per thousand cubic meters), which is significantly lower than last year’s peaks. LNG Imports Instead of Pipelines: Active supplies of liquefied natural gas allow Europe to compensate for the reduction in pipeline imports. In the summer of 2025, the monthly volume of LNG imports to the EU consistently exceeds 10 billion cubic meters—significantly more ...

... elevated levels. The Dutch TTF index fluctuates at around $400–420 per thousand cubic meters – roughly in line with the same period last year. Summer heat and the need to fill storage facilities are maintaining gas demand despite relatively limited pipeline supplies from Russia. Experts note that European companies will have to inject significantly more gas into storage than last year, considering increased consumption last winter and the complete cessation of transit through Ukraine since the beginning ...

... services increases, the costs per unit become lower. High barriers to entry: Natural monopolies often require huge investments in infrastructure and long payback periods, which creates obstacles for the emergence of new players. For example, building gas pipelines or railway lines requires huge investments that only large companies or the state can afford. Social importance: Natural monopolies often provide important services for society, such as electricity, water, gas or transport. Therefore, the state ...

... Europe This Winter: Causes and Measures to Ensure Energy Security Energy security has always been a priority for the European Union, particularly in the winter months. However, given the complexities of the global energy markets and reduced Russian pipeline gas supplies, the EU may face serious challenges this winter. This article explores the causes of these risks, the current status of alternative supplies, and the measures that EU countries are taking to stabilize the situation. Primary Causes ...