... organizations. Yields can reach up to 11% annually, and sometimes even more. Profits can be generated in several ways. Primarily, this comes from annual payments made by the issuing company. Income can also be derived from selling the securities on and off the exchange. Bonds are issued in electronic format. This means they are not physical securities as they were decades ago. They cannot be touched or stored in a safe, significantly enhancing user convenience and reducing the risk of loss or theft of the document....

... ever leaving home, making this option ideal for both entrepreneurs and individuals with limited mobility. Profits can be made on not only traditional currencies like dollars and euros but also on more exotic ones. Disadvantages The drawbacks include: Exchange rate differences. There is a discrepancy between the buying and selling rates of currencies, depending on the policies of the bank or exchange office. To earn, the profit must fully compensate for this difference; otherwise, investors may face ...

... success of the offering, and what to pay attention to when choosing an underwriter. Who are underwriters? Underwriters are investment banks, brokerage firms, or consortiums of financial institutions that help companies list their shares on the stock exchange. They are responsible for preparing the company for the IPO, including conducting a marketing campaign, setting the offering price, and selling shares to investors. Underwriters play a key role in organizing an IPO, as they provide a link between ...

... a key difference between the current fuel crisis and last year's. Last year, the trigger for the price increase was the Finance Ministry's attempt to "halve" the damper, after which oil producers, in order to compensate for losses, raised exchange prices, which prompted the regulator to impose a temporary export ban and return to previous rules. This year, the crisis is linked to the risk of fuel shortages and the long-term impact of sanctions, which was not as noticeable in 2022-2023: ...

... level of inflation, and in 2025 there was also a scheduled tariff increase (about 5–7% in mid-year). This supports revenue in the domestic market, although margins within Russia are traditionally lower than export ones. At the same time, the ruble's exchange rate played a dual role. In the first half of 2025, the ruble weakened on average compared to the beginning of 2024, which on one hand boosts ruble revenue from export contracts (denominated in foreign currency or tied to it), but on the other,...