... are not replacing departed employees due to weak demand. Market participants note moderate optimism, with many expecting a rise in demand and an expansion of product lines. Rising costs remain a risk factor; however, the strengthening ruble mitigates price pressure on imported components, slowing inflation acceleration in the sector. Stock Market The situation in the stock market remains cautious. The Moscow Exchange index fluctuates within a narrow range, supported by a level of approximately 2600–2700 ...

... taxation. According to the Russian Tax Code, which came into effect in January 2021, cryptocurrency holders are subject to taxation if they conduct transactions totaling more than 600,000 rubles per year (approximately $8,000). The rise in Bitcoin prices may trigger growth in the shadow economy. Anton Gorelkin, a member of the Information Policy Committee, believes that the increase in cryptocurrency prices has created favorable conditions for attracting individuals to the sector. In his Telegram ...

... fuel (SAF). This could lead to an increase in the cost of international flights, estimated at 9% by 2030 and 21% by 2035. For Russian airlines, additional expenses in 2027 could amount to 20–30 billion rubles, adding 800–1,200 rubles to ticket prices. Currently, the biofuel market in Russia is underdeveloped, but plans are in place to develop it to ensure energy security and diversify energy resources. Starting in 2027, CO2 emissions from international flights must ...

... major problems were identified, which, in the opinion of the authors, most affect purchases and sales of products: Lack of understanding of the unit economics of the transaction by participants in the oil market and lack of the possibility to monitor prices in the market. Insufficient speed of settlement of the transaction when trading products and significant communication costs between customers and sellers. Low quality of products and the lack of the possibility to control its quality from the ...

... contributed 30.2% in 2022, falling to 16.3% for January–September 2024. Contributions from gas condensate extraction rose to 6% over the same period. Reverse excise payments, particularly under the damping mechanism aimed at stabilizing domestic fuel prices, reduce oil and gas revenues. In 2022, these payments amounted to 3.2 trillion rubles against revenues of 14.8 trillion. In 2023, they totaled 2.9 trillion rubles out of 11.7 trillion in revenues. Oil Production Drives Budget Growth The oil ...