... the first introduction of a company to the stock exchange, while an SPO occurs only after the securities are already in circulation. Depending on the situation, the second offering can involve both the issuance of new shares (additional issuance) to raise capital and the public sale of securities by existing shareholders. An SPO allows a company to expand its shareholder base and attract funding, while investors gain access to purchase shares at a fixed price. In Russia, secondary offerings have been used ...

... high-growth companies in Central and Eastern Europe through hybrid financing. New specialist funds are also emerging in many regions. From corporate accelerators in the Middle East to AI-focused funds in Asia, the global venture community is actively raising capital for the next generation of tech entrepreneurs. These initiatives expand access to funding for startups and demonstrate investors’ belief in the long-term growth of the market. Russia and the CIS: Local Trends Against the Background of a Global ...

... performance or preparing for an IPO. Pre-IPO plays a key role in forming the company's capitalization, as well as increasing its investment attractiveness and helping to minimize risks before entering the open market. Why do companies need a pre-IPO? Raising capital at the pre-IPO stage provides a number of significant advantages for businesses: Raising capital for development. The funds received at the pre-IPO can be used to expand the business, finance marketing campaigns, develop new products or acquire ...

... private companies at the time of valuation.] Venture Capital: Access to Financing and Investment Activity Access to venture capital is a critical factor for a startup's growth to a billion-dollar valuation. Countries leading in the number of unicorns ... ... venture investments. At the end of 2023, the U.S. maintained its status as the largest venture market, with American startups raising around $170 billion in funding (the lowest figure since 2017 but still around 50% of the global total). In comparison,...

... as an additional driver for capital growth alongside traditional investments. The pre-IPO market in Russia is in its formative stages but already demonstrates a significant role in the investment ecosystem. For companies, it serves as a fast way to raise capital before an IPO, while for investors, it offers a chance to enter successful projects on the cusp of their public growth. Amid changing economic environments and a limited number of IPOs, pre-IPO transactions provide an alternative financing mechanism ...