... and gas supply chains. Economic Growth and Demand: Macro-economic indicators in key countries – growth rates of GDP and industry in China, the U.S., Europe, and India – will determine the consumption dynamics for oil, gas, and electricity. Strong data (such as a 3% GDP growth in the U.S. in Q2 2025) supports optimism; however, economic slowdowns anywhere could cool fuel demand. Filling of Gas Storage Facilities: Europe’s progress towards achieving the 90% filling target for UGS by the heating ...

... global oil and gas supply chains. Economic Growth and Demand: Macroeconomic indicators in key countries—GDP and industrial growth rates in China, the U.S., Europe, and India—will determine the dynamics of oil, gas, and electricity consumption. Strong data (e.g., a 3% GDP growth in the U.S. in Q2 2025) supports optimism, but economic slowdowns in any region could cool fuel demand. Filling Gas Storage: Progress in Europe towards achieving the goal of 90% filling of UGS facilities before the heating ...

... Like any other undertaking, at the very beginning there will be shortcomings and various technical incidents. But constant introspection and receiving feedback will minimize the negative impact of such things. The planned work on analytical tools, Big Data, and the implementation of artificial intelligence will make this digital platform almost automated (Choubey & Karmakar, 2020). Conclusion The digitalization of the economic system of the Russian Federation is a natural process that is dictated by ...

... International experience suggests that as financial markets develop, the share of additional offerings will grow. For comparison, in major economies, every third IPO company eventually conducts at least one follow-on offering to support growth. In Russia, such data is less accessible, but there is a trend towards an increase in SPO transactions, especially among large issuers. Stages of SPO and Conducting Mechanism Organizing a secondary offering of shares involves several key stages. Their sequence and scale ...

... within the lower part of the range observed in recent months (~$68–70) after corrections, remaining vulnerable to changes in fundamental conditions. The market is awaiting further signals—from OPEC+ (possible new production decisions) and demand data—that will determine price direction in the coming weeks. Gas Market: Record Stocks Reduce Winter Risks The European natural gas market continues to accumulate stocks ahead of the heating season at unprecedented rates. According to Gas Infrastructure ...