... to external markets, including to the U.S. and the EU. In some cases, Indian petroleum products made from Russian oil have even replaced Russian products in the European market," says Igor Yushkov, an expert at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation and the National Energy Security Fund (FNEB). India does buy the ultra-light low-sulfur oil from the U.S., but for its refining, it needs to be blended with heavier grades of oil, including Russian, the expert adds....

... on the exchange. The company owns the Astrakhan and Surgut plants, which produce gasoline and DF. In 2023, Russia is not facing issues with fuel delivery to regions or with production and reserves. The rise in retail prices is being monitored by the government and the FAS, which are striving to prevent them from exceeding inflation. However, this is more of a guideline than a firmly established rule. Last year, gasoline prices in retail rose above inflation. Experts' opinions on the prospects of ...

... sustainable upward movement. 3. Economic Uncertainties and Investor Preferences The global economy today is facing a high level of uncertainty: inflation, currency fluctuations, and rising interest rates—all of which favor safe-haven assets like gold and government bonds. Despite Bitcoin's appeal, many investors, particularly institutional ones, may prefer more established assets for capital preservation. Additionally, Trump's return could create conditions for a rising stock market and improved economic ...

... rise due to the switch to winter diesel varieties, while gasoline would decrease in price or, at worst, remain at the same level. This year, however, there has been no price drop despite weakening demand. According to Gusev, the issue lies not in government measures or the lack thereof, nor in seasonal demand changes, but in the gap between the wholesale and retail markets. The exchange is regulated by the market, while retail price increases are limited by inflation. As long as this situation ...

... may expect tax incentives, including exemption from corporate income tax and VAT. Double tax treaties. Russia has agreements with over 80 countries, allowing foreign investors to avoid double taxation on their income. Investment agreements with the government. Such agreements may provide for individual tax incentives for major investors. Tax incentives are an effective way to reduce the tax burden and enhance the profitability of business or investments. In Russia, numerous incentives exist for ...