... motives. The memory of the bloody events of 1947 (when both Muslims and Hindus perished during the partition) remains alive and fuels enemy imagery. For instance, there is a widespread belief in Pakistan that Muslims in India are oppressed, reinforced by reports of communal violence (e.g., the 2002 riots in Gujarat or incidents of desecration of mosques). In India, terrorist acts perpetrated by Islamists and radical statements by Pakistani leaders contribute to shaping the view of Pakistan as a bastion ...