... coordination among regulators could narrow the arbitrage window, increase transaction times and costs, and heighten spread volatility. Effects on Europe Fuel Prices: Imports through third countries mitigate shortages, but add logistical premiums. Energy Security: Diversification of supply channels supports seasonal resilience. Compliance Costs: Increased requirements for traceability and ESG reporting. Effects on India Foreign Trade Revenue: Exporting petroleum products strengthens the current account ...

Biotechnology today plays a key role in solving global problems such as treating diseases, ensuring food security and protecting the environment. In this article, we explain what biotechnology is, what areas it includes and why it is becoming increasingly important for the economy. We provide examples of Russian biotechnology companies such as BIOCAD, Generium,...

... achieving high returns. What is Pre-IPO? Pre-IPO investments are made in companies that are in the final stage before going public with an IPO. This indicates that the company has already traversed a significant portion of its developmental journey, secured ample capital, and is preparing for its public offering. Key characteristics of pre-IPO investments include: Lower Risks: Compared to venture capital investments, pre-IPO investments are considered less risky, as the company already has a stable ...

... strategies. Disadvantages of European Options Limited Flexibility: The buyer cannot take advantage of favorable market conditions until the expiration date. Missed Opportunity Risk: If the market moves favorably before the expiration date, the buyer cannot secure a profit until the predetermined day. Examples of European Option Applications Portfolio Hedging: Investors can use Put options to protect against a decline in stock value. For example, if the stock price falls below the strike on the expiration ...

... The company redomiciled several of its subsidiaries that were previously registered in Europe to Russia to minimize the impact of sanctions. Advantages and Risks of Redomiciliation Advantages: Reduction of tax burden. Strengthening legal and financial security. Maintaining access to international markets. Risks: Costs associated with the redomiciliation process. Possible integration challenges in the new jurisdiction. Need to restructure business processes. Redomiciliation is an effective tool for ...