... in the ruble zone and abroad available to Russian investors with holding periods of up to three years. We will compare their yields, risks, liquidity, and taxation features, and provide examples of diversified portfolios totaling 1 million ₽. Bank Deposits and Accounts Yield. Ruble deposits remain one of the conservative instruments: major banks offer rates around 16–24% per annum (depending on the term). According to the Bank of Russia, the weighted average rates for deposits of 6–12 months ...

... horizon (10+ years) allows for protecting funds from depreciation and ensuring capital growth. In this article, we will explore the main legal instruments for ruble investments: their returns, risks, liquidity, and tax features. Readers will learn about deposits, bonds, stocks, funds, as well as tax advantages (IIS, NPO, IZH) and examples of a diversified portfolio. Ruble Deposits and Bonds Bank Deposits. Simple and reliable ruble deposits provide a return of approximately 12–20% per annum (depending ...

... in consumer demand: loans become cheaper, which encourages people to borrow to buy things. This increases spending, increases demand for goods and services, which can accelerate inflation. Reduce the attractiveness of savings: low interest rates on deposits reduce the return on savings, which motivates people to save less and spend more, supporting consumption. Increase in investment: it is cheaper for businesses to borrow to invest in expansion, production, and new projects. This stimulates economic activity and creates more jobs, which also increases demand ...

... the basic concepts and principles. Read books or articles on the basics of investing, take educational courses or lessons on investing. It is important to understand how stocks, bonds, funds work - and what risks accompany them. Basic knowledge will save you from many mistakes and give you confidence in your first steps. Choose an investment strategy. Determine which investment strategy you will adhere to based on your goals and risk appetite. For example, will your portfolio be conservative (more bonds and deposits), balanced or aggressive (stocks predominate). Based on this, decide which instruments are right for you: perhaps you will start with reliable bonds and index funds or decide to invest part of the funds in shares of large companies. Consider ...

... and other properties. Various financial institutions that aggregate the funds of small investors and act as their representatives are categorized as collective investors. There are three primary types of financial intermediaries present in the market: Deposit intermediaries, which include commercial banks, credit organizations, and savings and loan associations. Their main task is to safeguard the entrusted funds to meet current consumer needs; Saving contract companies, such as life and property insurance ...