... to be held by major institutional investors (investment funds, banks) and to be widely distributed across retail investor accounts. Despite these advantages, SPOs also have downsides. The issuance of new shares automatically dilutes the ownership of existing shareholders, reducing their stake. Additionally, the market may perceive an SPO ambiguously. If the offering is conducted at too low a price, some investors may think that management is signaling problems in the business. Conversely, too high an offering price may lead to weak demand and inefficiency in the process. Therefore, companies weigh the pros and cons before proceeding with an SPO: on one hand, there is a need for capital, while on the other, there are ...

Business angels are private investors who invest their funds in promising startups at the early stages of their development. In this article, we will examine in detail who business angels are, what projects they support, what risks and benefits exist for them, and also introduce the most famous business angels in Russia, their successful investments and ways to exit projects. A business angel is a private investor who invests their funds in startups or small businesses, providing financial assistance at the early stages of the project's development....

... company. Business valuation is a crucial step in both the sale and purchase of a company. Accurately determining the value allows for the establishment of a fair price while helping to avoid potential losses or disputes. Various approaches to valuation exist, each with its own nuances and suitable for different types of businesses. In this article, we will examine the primary methods of business valuation, the factors that can influence it, and a specific example of valuing the company Open Oil Market . 1. Business Valuation Methods There are three primary approaches ...

... tech parks in Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai. Canada is consolidating startups in Toronto and Vancouver (research hubs). The existence of such focal points is critical: the concentration of specialists, mentors, and investors in one place significantly ... ... regulations largely define how easily a startup can grow into a large company. A favorable legal environment includes ease of business registration, protection of intellectual property rights, flexibility in labor legislation, and the availability of special ...

... For large amounts or in case of insufficient financial stability, lenders require collateral. Commercial real estate, equipment, transport, inventory or other liquid assets of the company are accepted as collateral. An alternative may be a surety from business owners or third parties. The presence of collateral reduces the bank's risk and can compensate, for example, for a short period of the company's existence or marginal reporting indicators. However, the property under the pledge will be encumbered until the debt is fully repaid. No problems with the law and debts. The bank will most likely refuse a loan if it learns about serious tax debts of the ...