... larger global economies. For example, the historical average yield of the S&P 500 (USA) is approximately 10% per annum (in dollars) over the long term. The advantage is broader sector diversification. The downside is currency risk: fluctuations in the exchange rate of the dollar/euro against the ruble can either enhance or diminish ruble returns. In recent years, the depreciation of the ruble (or dollar appreciation) has boosted yields in rubles from foreign stocks. Over a 1–3 year horizon, it is important ...

... three main levels of influence on the value of a stock or other asset: Macroeconomic level. The general economic and political situation forms the background on which the market develops. The state of the economy (GDP growth rates, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates) directly affects the entire stock market. For example, a period of economic growth contributes to the growth of profits of many companies, which also pushes up the value of their shares, while a recession or crisis leads to a decrease ...

... can either be fixed, predetermined in advance, or variable. In the latter case, the issuer announces the future rate until a specified date. There are also floating coupons, the payment of which can vary based on different factors, such as: currency exchange rate; inflation; Central Bank rate; RUONIA rate. Among professional investors, bonds with a fixed coupon rate are the most sought after. This option allows for accurate forecasting of future income. Advantages of Bonds According to Sergey Tereshkin, currency ...

How the lives of Russians have changed in 23 years: 700% inflation, rising prices and the dollar exchange rate Over more than two decades, prices in Russia have increased several-fold - the cost of housing has increased 16-fold, food has become 4-27 times more expensive, and the dollar exchange rate has risen 3.4 times. What key factors have influenced inflation,...

... regular account. Foreign Instruments Diversification is possible through foreign assets: foreign ETFs, bonds, stocks. They provide access to global markets and other currencies. However, such investments carry currency risk (fluctuations in the ruble exchange rate) and may be subject to sanction restrictions. Income from foreign dividends/coupons is also taxed at a PIT rate of 13%. Risks, Profitability, and Taxation Profitability: Short-term ruble investments typically yield around 15-20% annually. For example,...