... the value of investments, even if the chosen instruments themselves are reliable. Risk of Asset Price Decline One of the most obvious market risks is the risk of a decline in the market price of a purchased asset. Simply put, you have bought a stock, bond, real estate, or another investment object, and its value decreases over time. There can be numerous reasons for a price drop. A company's shares may depreciate due to declining revenues, business failures, or negative news releasing in the market. Real estate can lose value ...

... Diversification Investment funds allow you to invest in a portfolio of assets managed by professional managers. This is a convenient way to diversify investments and reduce risks without spending much time on independent analysis. Mutual Funds in Russia offer investments in stocks, bonds, or real estate, providing a wide selection of assets. ETFs (Exchange-Traded Funds) provide international access to a variety of assets, from stocks to bonds and real estate. Advantages: Diversification and risk reduction. Management by professional ...

... on investment decisions. This understanding will clarify why certain assets may be more appealing than others under varying economic conditions. Inflation and interest rates. In times of high inflation, the value of traditional assets like stocks and bonds may decline. Conversely, investments in protective assets, such as gold or real estate, may retain their value. Additionally, rising interest rates make fixed-income bonds more attractive to investors. Currency fluctuations. In an unstable economy, currency exchange rates can ...

... (maximum of 400,000 rubles invested per year, i.e., up to 52,000 rubles refund of income tax). Under type B, profits from investments are tax-exempt provided the account is maintained for at least 3 years. IIS is particularly beneficial for long-term investments in stocks and bonds: one can either receive a tax rebate or freely reinvest profits without income tax. Non-State Pension Provision (NPO). A new type of pension product that allows for contributions and receiving a 13% tax deduction (limits vary; for example, the total ...

.... The outcomes of this type of management often turn out to be disappointing. If shares of such a company have been previously acquired, it is crucial to divest them in a timely manner. Otherwise, there is a real risk of losing all invested capital. Investing in Bonds Bonds can also provide income to their holders, often yielding returns greater than those from traditional bank deposits. However, it is worth noting that profits from bonds are taxable, significantly reducing the attractiveness of such investments....