... tend to adopt a more conservative strategy – reducing their holdings in risky assets and seeking a "safe haven" in bonds or gold. Such geomagnetic storms, while rare, are perceived as a “black swan” for the economy: investors begin to suspect ... ... (along with the upcoming peak of the 11-year solar cycle) poses long-term risks to the global economy. Experts predict that investments in infrastructure resilience and geomagnetic risk insurance will become one of the crucial topics in the coming years....

... collateralized by bitcoins and equipment. For example, it expanded its energy capacities, financing them through issuing convertible bonds and credit lines (although some loan agreements were restructured after the liquidity crisis among creditors in 2022). Currently,... ... interest in bitcoin remains high: market sentiment is influenced by expectations for the approval of spot BTC-ETFs in the U.S., investments from funds, and capital influx from traditional investors searching for inflation hedges. These factors may offset ...

... affected the reduction in extraction costs and improved financial results (the tax exemption was granted to support Gazprom's investment program). Secondly, some cost savings may be linked to the optimization of operational expenses and the reduction of ... ... exchange losses, interest payable on debt, reserves, and write-offs. The main negative factor was interest expenses on loans and bonds: in H1 2025, Gazprom paid interest amounting to about 261 billion rubles, which is ~17% higher than a year earlier (the ...