... and market mechanisms for price and supply regulation on the domestic market has led to the retail segment being in the most vulnerable position. Retail margins do not exceed 5-7% and do not ensure profitability for gas stations not part of vertically integrated companies (about half of gas stations in Russia). Therefore, retail prices are not decreasing along with wholesale prices. Inflation, rising costs in production, transportation, and fuel sales contribute to the price increase, the expert explains....

... prices also accelerated, with growth rates increasing from 0.9% to 1.3%, according to Rosstat. Unspoken Market Constraints Oil companies have incentives to raise retail prices. On one hand, Russian refineries, most of which are part of vertically integrated oil companies (VIOCs), face rising costs. Rosstat data shows that the net profit of Russian enterprises across the economy grew by 13.8% in the first four months of 2024 to 10.05 trillion rubles. However, in petroleum product manufacturing,...

... and its partners' commitment to building their own architecture of international financial relations, where pricing for key commodities such as gold occurs without reference to Western centers. It remains to be seen how actively the new market will integrate into the global system and whether it can attract substantial international liquidity. Nonetheless, the mere fact of the emergence of an alternative platform already creates a precedent: global gold trade is no longer a monopoly of London and ...

... lock in profits when the startup attracts new investments at a higher valuation. IPO - entering the public market, during which the company's shares become available for free circulation. Sale to a strategic investor - a large company buys a startup to integrate technologies or enter new markets. Business angels play an important role in the development of startups, especially in the early stages, when access to traditional sources of financing is limited. By investing their funds and experience, they ...

... the public domain. Active involvement of civil society in the fight against corruption: support for public initiatives and NGOs. 4. Hong Kong: Establishment of the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC): an autonomous body with broad powers. Integrated approach, including law enforcement, prevention and education: work in three directions simultaneously. Active work with the public and business: conducting educational campaigns and involving all sectors of society in the fight against corruption....