... and the cost approach. Each of these has its advantages and is applied based on the specifics of the business. Income Approach: This method is based on forecasting the future income of the company and discounting it to the present value. The primary indicator used in this approach is the cash flows generated by the business. The Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method involves estimating the future cash flows that the business will generate and bringing them to their present value, considering time and ...

... East (where startup investment reached ~$2.1 billion in the first half of 2025, a 134% increase year-on-year). Europe is undergoing a landscape restructuring: Germany has, for the first time in a decade, surpassed the UK in terms of venture investment, indicating the strengthening of continental startup ecosystems. The situation in Asia is uneven: funding for startups in China remains weak, while India, Southeast Asia, and Gulf countries are attracting increasing capital. Local markets (e.g., post-Soviet ...

... investors continues to significantly outstrip the emerging new supply of BTC (the "supply scarcity" effect after the 2024 halving). Currently, on-chain metrics do not signal market overheating, and large holders are hesitant to lock in profits, indicating confidence in Bitcoin's future prospects. Ethereum Breaks $4,000 Amid Investor Interest The second-largest crypto asset, Ethereum (ETH), has become the main newsmaker of recent days, confidently surpassing the psychological threshold of $4,...

... characterized by the highest volatility since 1987, raising concerns among investors and analysts worldwide. What are Circuit Breakers? Circuit breakers are protective mechanisms on exchanges that temporarily halt trading during sharp declines in market indices. Their purpose is to give the market time to "cool down" and prevent panic selling. There are three levels: Level 1 (7% decline) — trading halts for 15 minutes. Level 2 (13% decline) — a second halt for 15 minutes. Level 3 (20% decline) ...

... (DeFi) ecosystems and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), as well as ongoing technical improvements in the Ethereum network. Institutional interest is also extending to ETH: record amounts of inflow into funds and ETFs focused on Ethereum are being recorded, indicating high trust in the smart contracts platform. Among altcoins, XRP and BNB remain in the spotlight. XRP (the token of the Ripple payment network) continued to appreciate and came close to the $4 mark, reaching these levels for the first time in ...