... take shape only in the late 2010s to early 2020s. Previously, such closed placements were accessible only to a narrow circle of large funds and wealthy investors. The mass involvement of private individuals required regulatory changes. In 2020, the Central Bank allowed non-qualified investors to participate in pre-IPO after passing a test (with a cap on investment amounts in the hundreds of thousands of rubles). Concurrently, several large financial companies launched specialized platforms for pre-IPO deals,...

..., Europe may avoid a "lost decade," akin to Japan's experience in the late twentieth century. While this is a painful measure, it is crucial for maintaining stability. Preservation of credit and financial policies. The head of the European Central Bank, who significantly lowered interest rates to nearly negative levels to alleviate deflationary pressure on the economy, is set to resign this autumn. As a result, businesses will have the opportunity to continue developing. If the new bank leader ...

... industrial data. **Eurostat** will release the preliminary estimate of inflation in the Eurozone for July (flash CPI) around 12:00 MSK. It is expected that the annual growth of consumer prices will remain around 2%, with Core CPI exceeding the European Central Bank's target level. A slowdown in inflation could influence expectations regarding ECB interest rates and bond market sentiment. Additionally, final PMI indices for industrial activity in major European economies — Germany, France, the entire Eurozone,...

... vulnerable. Geopolitical environment and sanctions: New sanctions or strengthening of existing ones could limit access to currency and increase pressure on the ruble. Interest rates: High interest rates support the ruble, but their reduction, if the Central Bank of Russia decides to ease monetary policy, could lead to its weakening. Final forecast: Based on all these factors, the dollar to ruble exchange rate by the end of 2024 is expected to be in the range of 93 to 100 rubles per dollar. With stable oil ...

... groundwork for broader cryptocurrency adoption in the global economy. Undoubtedly, high volatility remains a characteristic feature of crypto assets. The market remains sensitive to news and macroeconomic factors. Investors will closely monitor signals from central banks and governments: for instance, any hints at easing monetary policy or, conversely, sudden restrictions could significantly affect risk appetite. Positive industry events, such as a final resolution of legal issues (like the Ripple case) or approval ...