... anticipated premium associated with public status and may force them to hold onto their stake in a private company. Evaluation and information asymmetry. Private companies are not required to disclose the same information as public issuers. Limited transparency makes accurate business valuation difficult. Investors will have to rely on the company’s internal data and their analytical conclusions, increasing the risk of mispricing. Macroeconomic and regulatory risks. The state of the economy and ...

... payments and reduce transaction costs in the economy. In addition, plans are in place to create a unified digital national platform in logistics and freight transportation. This platform should connect shippers, carriers, and recipients, enhancing the transparency and efficiency of transport chains. Putin also mentioned legislative initiatives for the digital economy. According to him, the regulation of offline trade is largely outdated and does not reflect current realities, where online platforms ...

... information about transactions. When a new transaction occurs (for example, transferring a coin from one user to another), it is verified by participants in the network and combined with others into a new block added to the chain. Thus, the blockchain ensures transparency and immutability of data: it is nearly impossible to retroactively alter a record in an already added block without reconstructing the entire chain, which requires tremendous resource expenditure. The first cryptocurrency was Bitcoin (BTC),...

... Hangzhou), although the overall legal environment in China is complicated by government control and localization requirements. In addition to taxes, legal protection for innovations is crucial—strong judicial systems, intellectual property protection, and transparent business regulations. In leading countries (the U.S., Western Europe, Singapore, Israel), there is relatively high predictability of legislation and investor rights protection, which reduces risks for unicorn companies. In countries with less ...

... This can be expressed through regular board meetings, consultations with founders, assistance in finding partners and clients. The investor monitors how the invested funds are spent and whether the planned indicators are achieved. It is important that transparency is maintained between the startup and the investor: the company usually provides the investor with reports, key metrics and informs about important events (successes and problems). Such partnership interaction continues until the investor ...