... contributions and receiving a 13% tax deduction (limits vary; for example, the total limit for privileged contributions in 2025 is 400,000 rubles for IIS, NPO, and other programs). NPO is similar to contributions to pension funds: funds are invested until retirement. Returns on NPO are approximately in line with NPF returns (around 7–8% per annum before tax deductions). A downside is that funds are frozen until retirement, but a plus is the additional tax savings. Investment Life Insurance (IZH). Under ...

... approaches that reduce the likelihood of losses. Let's look at the basic principles of investing: Clear goals and strategy. Start by defining your financial goals and developing a personal investment strategy. Understanding why you are investing (saving for retirement, creating capital for a major purchase, receiving passive income, etc.) sets the direction for your actions. The investment period, choice of investment directions, and required return depend on the goal. In addition, a formulated plan will ...

... discussion. It is often believed that to attain blue-chip status, a company must achieve a market capitalization of at least $5 billion. Investors utilize blue-chip stocks to mitigate their portfolio risks. They are frequently used by individuals approaching retirement age who aim to preserve their savings. On the international stage, renowned companies such as Apple, Coca-Cola, Johnson & Johnson, and Walt Disney fall into this category. In Russia, notable examples include Sberbank, LUKOIL, Gazprom, Novatek,...

... savings, aimed at capital preservation. For instance, in Western markets, it is common for individuals to invest their funds in investment funds for an extended or indefinite period. Subsequently, investors typically reclaim their funds as they approach retirement age. In contrast, the average investment horizon for typical investors in our countries is approximately eight months.

... invest in a fund that does not provide dividends and whose profitability is highly volatile—even if it promises substantial returns a decade from now. Likewise, if you are approximately 35 years old today and you are investing funds intended for your retirement in 30 years, there is no need to be excessively worried about short-term stock price fluctuations occurring over a few months. In this context, successful investing is not centered on maximizing profitability, but rather on pinpointing assets ...