... must register in the EU, comply with strict requirements related to reserves' adequacy and liquidity, regularly disclose information, and adhere to transaction volume regulations. For instance, limits were established for stablecoins pegged to foreign currencies (not euro) in cases where their use becomes systemically significant within the Eurozone. For Tether, whose euro-denominated operations are relatively small, the primary concern is to align with general transparency and reliability requirements so as not to lose the European market. It is likely ...

... uncertainty. Ripple continues to develop its network: the geographic scope of ODL (On-Demand Liquidity – a service using XRP for settlements) is expanding, and new projects are being launched on the XRP Ledger, for instance, related to central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). The prospects for XRP relate to how actively banks and payment systems will use it in real operations. If regulatory barriers are lifted, XRP has the potential to strengthen its role in international settlements. Critics, however, point to competition: on one hand, traditional systems are accelerating their payments ...

... from 2022, companies from unfriendly countries had to transfer their currency to Gazprombank for gas payments, which then exchanged it for rubles on the Moscow Exchange and sent the rubles to Gazprom. After sanctions against the Moscow Exchange, the currency exchange had to be moved to the interbank market, but the system continued to work. In 2022, European companies didn’t experience much change. Previously, they sent their currency to European subsidiaries of Gazprom, but in 2022, they started sending it to Gazprombank in Russia. European companies didn’t ...

... average rates for deposits of 6–12 months reached approximately 23.5% by fall 2024. Long-term deposits over a year often yield slightly less (around 20–22%). Foreign currency deposits in dollars/euros usually offer a single figure (2–4%) but involve currency risk. Risks and Reliability. Risks associated with bank deposits are minimal: the state deposit insurance system compensates for losses of ruble deposits up to 1.4 million ₽. Early withdrawal may result in penalties and the loss of some accrued interest. However, inflation and the dynamics of the key rate set by the Bank of Russia impact real yields—historically,...

... PayPal USD (PYUSD) launched by PayPal. While their scale is currently limited, competition from PayPal, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), or other stablecoins prompts Circle to maintain high standards of transparency and innovation. In 2025, Circle ... ... organizations (IMF, Bank for International Settlements) are issuing recommendations for the oversight of stablecoins to minimize systemic risks. So far, neither the US nor the EU has implemented strict restrictions on the use of USDC by individuals. However,...