... Call and Put Call Option A Call option gives the buyer the right to buy an underlying asset (such as a stock, commodity, or currency) at a predetermined price (strike) in the future. This means that the buyer can exercise their right if the market price ... ... hedging: Options are widely used in corporate finance to protect against market risks, such as changes in commodity prices, foreign exchange rates, or interest rates. Risk control: Unlike other derivatives such as futures, buying options involves no ...

... bonds issued by local authorities in the Russian Federation. Corporate bonds. Issued by private companies and banks. The risk of these bonds is higher than that of government bonds, but they typically offer greater yields. Some companies issue bonds in foreign markets (currency bonds). Mortgage bonds. Secured by mortgage loans and issued by specialized mortgage agents. Such bonds are considered reliable (the collateral is real estate) and often have yields higher than OFZ. Subordinated bonds. Mainly issued by banks....

... general perception of the state of the Russian economy and the attractiveness of investing in Russian assets for both domestic and foreign investors. IMOEX is the most important indicator for assessing the state of the Russian stock market. It is calculated ... ... assess its overall condition and development trends. IMOEX was originally created as an index of the MICEX (World Interbank Currency Exchange), historically the predecessor of the Moscow Exchange. Its calculation began in 1997, reflecting the then composition ...