... companies, although the state is carefully monitoring to ensure that tariff policy does not exacerbate overall inflation and hinder economic growth. Geopolitics and Energy Resource Trade: Restructuring Global Flows Geopolitical factors continue to significantly ... ... delivered to China from Qatar, Australia, and the spot market, bypassing U.S. gas. Meanwhile, Europe continues its course to reduce dependence on Russian energy resources. Imports of Russian oil and oil products to the EU have effectively ceased due to the ongoing ...

... companies, although the government is keenly monitoring to ensure that tariff policy does not accelerate inflation or hinder economic growth. Geopolitics and Energy Trade: Reconfiguring Flows Global energy resource trading is undergoing changes influenced ... ... Qatar, Australia, and through the spot market, bypassing American gas. At the same time, Europe continues to reduce its energy dependence on Russia. Imports of Russian oil and petroleum products into the EU are under embargo, and gas supplies have been ...

... coming months, we can expect continued difficulties with conducting an IPO in Russia. The high key rate will restrain activity in the stock market and reduce the opportunities for raising capital. However, there are several scenarios that may develop depending on the further dynamics of the economic situation: Rate reduction in case of economic stabilization. If inflation begins to slow down and the economic situation stabilizes, the Central Bank may begin to lower the rate. This may give impetus to the IPO market and increase liquidity ...

... first introduction of a company to the stock exchange, while an SPO occurs only after the securities are already in circulation. Depending on the situation, the second offering can involve both the issuance of new shares (additional issuance) to raise capital ... ... economies such as the US and Europe, public companies regularly conduct follow-on offerings to finance business expansion. During economic upturns, the volume of SPOs increases, while it decreases during crises. In Russia, secondary offerings became possible ...

... to delivery to the end customer. In the following, we will focus on each of the problems. Lack of understanding of the unit economics of the transaction by participants in the oil market and lack of the possibility to monitor prices in the market The ... ... trading products and significant communication costs between customers and sellers Calculating an effective trade takes time. Depending on the selling company, this time ranges from several hours to several days. Due to imperfect business processes in ...