... inflationary pressure. Impact on investors: A rise in the PPI may affect corporate profits, commodity prices, and financial markets. Where it is most often found: Economic reports and publications by central banks (e.g., the Federal Reserve in the US or the Central Bank of Russia). Financial and analytical sites such as Bloomberg, Reuters. Forecasts for inflation expectations and monetary policy. Real case example: In March 2021, the US saw a sharp increase in the PPI by 1% compared to the previous month, which was higher ...

... vulnerable. Geopolitical environment and sanctions: New sanctions or strengthening of existing ones could limit access to currency and increase pressure on the ruble. Interest rates: High interest rates support the ruble, but their reduction, if the Central Bank of Russia decides to ease monetary policy, could lead to its weakening. Final forecast: Based on all these factors, the dollar to ruble exchange rate by the end of 2024 is expected to be in the range of 93 to 100 rubles per dollar. With stable oil prices ...

... non-qualified investors to participate in pre-IPO after passing a test (with a cap on investment amounts in the hundreds of thousands of rubles). Concurrently, several large financial companies launched specialized platforms for pre-IPO deals, and the Moscow Exchange announced plans to establish a separate over-the-counter segment for such operations. The first pre-IPO transactions in Russia were relatively small: according to the Central Bank's estimates, their total volume in the initial years did not exceed several hundred million rubles. However, by 2023, the ...

... past. The contribution of the resource sector is no longer a determining factor—in fact, its influence on economic dynamics has become negative. This indicates that growth is now primarily driven by non-resource sectors, rendering the perceptions of Russia as solely a resource-based economy obsolete. Inflation Under Control: Thanks to the measures taken by the government and the Central Bank, inflation has noticeably slowed. As of mid-June, the annual inflation rate decreased to 9.6% (down from double-digit figures earlier). Putin emphasized that the situation is developing better than forecasts, expressing confidence that by the end ...

... rubles. Bond price: 1,000 rubles each. Term: 3 years (1,080 days). Coupon rate: Central Bank key rate + 3%. Interest payments: Every 31 days (36 payments total). Future Plans... ... cultivation and processing in the Omsk region. Goals: Develop 500,000 hectares of land. Implement advanced grain processing techniques to produce: Biopolymers and... ... replace raw material exports with value-added products and boost import substitution in Russia, creating jobs and driving regional economic growth. How We Started Bond Trading...