... the octane number of gasoline, there is effectively no shortage in Russia. It’s about partially replacing one existing product with another. Moreover, the return of MMA would increase the likelihood of counterfeit gasoline being produced by small refineries using dubious technologies. The second reason for the sharp rise in AI-95 exchange prices may be related to the rules for payments under the fuel damper program. The damper compensates part of the difference between the fuel's indicative ...

... Transparency How does the process of buying and selling petroleum products look today for the end B2B consumer in small wholesale (e.g., an agricultural or construction company)? Let me simplify the chain of interactions: Fuel is produced at oil refineries (refineries) and then sold through the St. Petersburg Commodity Exchange at the lowest market price. Large companies (e.g., Russian Railways) that use petroleum products for their own needs are among the buyers, as are large traders who purchase ...

... Precious Metals Exchange is viewed as an important alternative to Western platforms like the London over-the-counter gold market (LBMA) and the COMEX exchange in New York. Following the imposition of sanctions in 2022, the LBMA excluded all Russian refineries from its list of accredited suppliers, effectively depriving them of the ability to sell gold on the world's largest market. Simultaneously, the European Union banned the import of Russian gold. These restrictions have significantly stimulated ...

... rubles/ton), creating additional pressure on independent gas stations and consumers. The causes are a combination of seasonal factors — high summer demand (including from agricultural producers and tourists) — and supply constraints. Several oil refineries paused operations for scheduled repairs in June and July, reducing gasoline and diesel production. Moreover, some major players, as identified by the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS), reduced sales volumes on the exchange: FAS initiated a ...

... 75,000 rubles/ton), creating additional pressure on independent filling stations and consumers. The causes include a combination of seasonal factors (increased summer demand from agricultural and tourism sectors) and supply constraints. Several oil refineries halted part of their capacity for scheduled repairs between June and July, reducing gasoline and diesel production. Additionally, certain major players, as determined by the Federal Antimonopoly Service (FAS), significantly decreased fuel sales ...