... infrastructure and social projects are postponed until a later date. Decrease in export revenues Sanctions and restrictions on world markets have affected the volume of Russian exports, which has reduced the inflow of foreign exchange earnings. For many Russian companies, especially in the oil and gas sector, this has become a significant challenge. The fall in export revenues reduces the resource base for investment, which also limits the potential for economic growth. Implications for business and investment ...

... began in the mid-19th century against the backdrop of the industrial revolution. During the Soviet period, the securities market was almost nonexistent, and after the collapse of the USSR in the 1990s, the revival of the stock market began. Some large Russian companies conducted IPOs on foreign exchanges (in the U.S. and Europe), attracting foreign capital. The first IPO in the Russian market took place in 2002 when shares of a Russian company were first listed on the Moscow Exchange. From that moment until ...

..., this will take time," says Sergey Tereshkin. What does the future hold for Russia's coal industry? Can Russian producers find alternative markets? "We will likely see a plateau in coal exports to China due to reduced shipments. The Russian companies most affected will be those farthest from China and from the Baikal-Amur Mainline and Trans-Siberian Railway, particularly in the Kemerovo region and Kuzbass. They have already been hurt since August 2022, when the EU banned coal exports to ...

... sanctions have led to: Reconstruction of logistics chains; Accelerated import substitution; Growth of domestic production; Abandonment of Western technologies in several key sectors. These changes have created both new challenges and new opportunities for Russian companies and investors. The U.S. May Replace Old Sanctions with New Ones While potential easing of some sanctions measures is being discussed in economic circles, it is unlikely that the U.S. will completely abandon its sanction pressure. Instead, the ...

... In international practice, hybrid formats are also found: convertible loans or equity options issued in the final stages before an IPO. However, the traditional format, primarily equity participation via share purchases, is more commonly used in the Russian market. Some companies and investors also explore the possibility of secondary trading of private stakes (share transfer) on specialized over-the-counter platforms before the IPO, providing additional liquidity ahead of the listing. Advantages and Risks of Pre-IPO ...